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  • Rethinking the Carolingian Reforms
    Rethinking the Carolingian Reforms

    The Carolingian period (c. 750-900) has traditionally been described as one of ‘reform’ or ‘renaissance’, where cultural and intellectual changes were imposed from above in a programme of correctio.This view leans heavily on prescriptive texts issued by kings and their entourages, foregrounding royal initiative and the cultural products of a small intellectual elite.However, attention to understudied texts and manuscripts of the period reveals a vibrant striving for moral improvement and positive change at all levels of society.This expressed itself in a variety of ways for different individuals and communities, whose personal relationships could be just as influential as top-down prescription.The often anonymous creators and copyists in a huge range of centres emerge as active participants in shaping and re-shaping the ideals of their world. -- .

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  • Understanding and Improving Public Management Reforms
    Understanding and Improving Public Management Reforms

    Why do top-down reforms to public services so often over-promise and under-deliver?Using five concepts from psychology, economics and organisational sociology, Thomas Elston addresses this pressing question of good governance. Rather than focusing on the challenge of implementation, Understanding and Improving Public Management Reforms reveals how flawed policy design is often the major contributor to reform failure.Cognitive bias, restrictive social institutions and inattention to ‘quiet costs’ during the policy-making process are essential to explaining the poor track record of reforms to date – and point the way towards better decision-making in future. Written for policy professionals, service managers, students and researchers alike, this concise, practical and multidisciplinary study draws on varied examples to help reconceive the perennial problem of public management reform – and to propose new solutions.

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  • China's Economic Reforms: Successes And Challenges
    China's Economic Reforms: Successes And Challenges

    In the last 40 years of China's economic reforms, the country has made unprecedented progress in its economic development and its position in the global stage.As a result, interest in China has resulted in numerous books focusing on the world's second largest economy.A single volume, however, cannot possibly explain the complex nature of China's economic system and its relationship with the rest of the world.China's Economic Reforms: Successes and Challenges contributes to the understanding of China's reforms by offering a detailed analysis of critical components of the country's economic architecture.Within the context of the global economy, the book illustrates the performance of the Chinese economy at both the aggregate and individual sector levels before and after reforms.Comparisons and contrasts are made with the economies of the US, Japan, South Korea, India, and Russia.The book presents the challenges facing the Chinese reform process, and explain how these challenges affect the domestic economy, the rest of the world, and the overall success of China's reforms.

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  • Contested Representation : Challenges, Shortcomings and Reforms
    Contested Representation : Challenges, Shortcomings and Reforms

    In the past two decades, democratic institutions have faced a crisis of representation.From authoritarian backsliding in countries with recent democratic transformations, to severe challenges to established liberal democracies, the meaning of political representation and whether and when it succeeds has become highly debated.In response to an increasingly fraught political climate, Contested Representation brings together scholars from across the United States and Europe to critically assess the performance of representative institutions in Europe and North America.Taking an interdisciplinary, comparative approach, this volume looks at the viability of electoral institutions, the responsiveness of government to public preferences, alternative institutions for more inclusive democracy, and the political economy of populism.Chapters also address the broader normative question of how democratic institutions can be adapted to new conditions and challenges.Expertly researched and exceedingly timely, Contested Representation provides critical frameworks that highlight realistic pathways to democratic reform.

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  • What are the reforms of Solon?

    Solon, an ancient Athenian statesman, implemented a series of reforms in the early 6th century BC to address the social and economic inequalities in Athens. His reforms included the cancellation of all debts and the liberation of those who had been enslaved due to debt. He also introduced a new system of classes based on wealth rather than birth, and granted political rights to the lower classes. Additionally, Solon established a council of 400 citizens to advise the government and introduced a set of laws that applied to all citizens, promoting equality and justice.

  • What were the reforms of Themistocles?

    Themistocles implemented several important reforms during his time as an Athenian statesman. One of his most significant reforms was the expansion of the Athenian navy, which he recognized as crucial for the city's security and power. He also played a key role in the development of the Athenian port of Piraeus, transforming it into a major naval and commercial hub. Additionally, Themistocles introduced measures to increase the political and military power of the lower classes in Athens, helping to strengthen the city's democracy. Overall, his reforms were instrumental in shaping Athens into a dominant naval power in the ancient world.

  • What were the reforms of Gaius Gracchus?

    Gaius Gracchus was a Roman politician who implemented several reforms aimed at addressing social and economic inequalities in Rome. Some of his key reforms included distributing land to landless citizens, establishing colonies for the poor, and providing subsidized grain for the urban poor. He also sought to limit the power of the Senate and increase the authority of the popular assemblies. Despite facing opposition from the conservative elite, Gracchus's reforms had a lasting impact on Roman politics and society.

  • What is the difference between revolution and reforms?

    Revolution refers to a complete and often sudden change in a social, political, or economic system, usually achieved through mass uprising or overthrow of the existing order. It involves a fundamental shift in power and can result in a complete restructuring of society. On the other hand, reforms are gradual and incremental changes made within the existing system to address specific issues or improve certain aspects. Reforms can be initiated by the government or other institutions and are aimed at improving the current system without completely overthrowing it.

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  • Globalizing China – Social and Governance Reforms
    Globalizing China – Social and Governance Reforms

    Unlike most books which consider China’s transformation and globalization over the last four decades by focusing on China’s economic growth, this book examines how the Chinese regime has handled the increasingly complex sociopolitical and socio-economic challenges generated as a result of the country’s economic growth and transformation, challenges arising both from within the country and also from the external political environment.Based on extensive original research, the book outlines how China’s economic development has generated social and governance pressures, discusses the government’s social, educational, and governance reforms, and highlights how China’s development experiences, which differ from the Western economies with democratic political regimes, have drawn increasing attention from other countries in the developing world as an example to follow.

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  • Fiscal Policy Reforms in India Since 1991
    Fiscal Policy Reforms in India Since 1991


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  • Engaging Parents and Families in Grading Reforms
    Engaging Parents and Families in Grading Reforms

    Improve grading practices with support from familiesEducators seeking to transform age-old grading practices face numerous challenges, particularly when it comes to gaining support from students’ families.This practical guide from a world-renowned expert on grading and assessment practices offers concrete strategies to turn parents and families into trusted partners in grading reform efforts.The book enables educators to anticipate, understand, and effectively address families' concerns over grading reforms and build trust through authentic engagement. With clear and actionable strategies that educators can implement right away, the easily digestible chapters unpack the complexities of the change process, clarify the purpose of grading, and show how to enhance the use of computerized grading programs.Other features include:Strategies to ease opposition to grading reform from parents and familiesInsights into how to improve report cardsGuidance on how to effectively communicate student performance with parents and familiesA must-have resource for educators navigating the challenging journey of grading reform, Engaging Parents and Families in Grading Reform is a comprehensive guide to grading reform that emphasizes family engagement to ensure success.

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  • Equity Today : 150 Years after the Judicature Reforms
    Equity Today : 150 Years after the Judicature Reforms

    This book presents a clear, carefully-analysed picture of the operation of equity today, across the common law world.Rather than revisit the abstract debate as to whether or not equity has ‘fused’ with the common law, it focuses on specific equitable principles and doctrines.Expert contributors step back and take a wider view of those doctrines, examining how they can best be understood today, and how they might develop in the future.This will prove invaluable to practitioners and courts (at first instance as well as appellate level), allowing them to navigate the constantly-growing mass of case law.Drawing on expertise from across the worlds of academia, practice and the bench, this seminal collection provides the most illuminating picture available of how equity operates.

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  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of Solon's reforms?

    Solon's reforms in ancient Athens had several advantages. They helped to alleviate social tensions by canceling debts, freeing those who had been enslaved due to debt, and establishing a more equitable system of laws. Solon also introduced political reforms that expanded the rights of the common citizens and laid the foundation for democracy. However, there were also disadvantages to Solon's reforms. Some members of the aristocracy were unhappy with the loss of power and influence they experienced as a result of the reforms. Additionally, while Solon's reforms improved the situation for many citizens, they did not address all the underlying issues of inequality and power dynamics in Athenian society. Overall, while Solon's reforms were a step in the right direction, they were not a complete solution to the problems facing ancient Athens.

  • What reforms would you make if you were Pope?

    If I were Pope, I would focus on implementing reforms to address the issues of transparency and accountability within the Catholic Church. This would include creating a more open and inclusive decision-making process, as well as increasing the involvement of laypeople, especially women, in leadership roles. I would also prioritize addressing the ongoing issue of sexual abuse within the Church by implementing stronger policies to prevent abuse and hold perpetrators accountable. Additionally, I would work to promote greater acceptance and support for the LGBTQ+ community within the Church, as well as advocate for social justice and environmental stewardship.

  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of the reforms of Cleisthenes?

    Cleisthenes' reforms in ancient Athens brought several advantages. They introduced a more democratic system by increasing the power of the assembly and creating a fairer distribution of political power among citizens. The reforms also helped to reduce the influence of the aristocracy and fostered a sense of civic pride and participation among the people. However, these reforms also faced challenges, such as resistance from the aristocratic families who lost some of their privileges and the potential for instability as power shifted among different factions within the city-state.

  • What were the reforms of Gaius Marius in Rome Total War?

    Gaius Marius implemented several significant reforms in Rome Total War. One of his most notable reforms was the transformation of the Roman army by allowing landless citizens to enlist as professional soldiers, which helped to create a more professional and loyal military force. He also reorganized the army into a more standardized and efficient structure, including the adoption of the cohort system. Additionally, Marius introduced changes to the recruitment and training process, as well as improvements in the soldiers' equipment and pay. These reforms had a lasting impact on the Roman military and contributed to its success in future conflicts.

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